(Table of Contents)
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer
1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Chapter Review
1.2.1 Chapter 2. Personal Factors
1.2.2 Chapter 3. Physical Factors
1.2.3 Chapter 4. Environmental Factors
1.2.4 Chapter 5. Equipment Design
1.2.5 Chapter 6. Workplace Design
1.2.6 Chapter 7. Job Factors
1.2.7 Chapter 8. Information Processing
1.2.8 Chapter 9. The Use of Human Factors in Project Planning, Design, and Execution
1.3 Proposed Model for the Systematic Implementation of Ergonomics/Human Factors The "DOT" Process for Prioritizing Issues
2. Personal Factors
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sensory and Cognitive Capabilities
2.2.1 Visual Sense
2.2.2 Auditory Sense
2.2.3 Cognitive Capabilities
2.2.4 Summary of Infon-nation Processing
2.3 Physical Capabilities
2.3.1 Muscular Strength and Endurance
2.3.2 Anthropometry: Body Size
2.4 Case Study
2.4.1 Method
2.4.2 Data Collected
2.4.3 Conclusion
3. Physical Factors
3.1 Musculoskeletal Disorders
3.2 Manual Handling Tasks
3.2.1 Manual Handling Risk Factors
3.2.2 Methods for Evaluating Manual Handling Tasks
3.3 Hand-Intensive Repetitive Tasks
3.3.1 Risk Factors
3.3.2 Survey and Observation Tools
3.3.3 Hand Tools
3.4 Behavior
3.5 Ergonomics Program
3.5.1 Planning an Ergonomics Program
3.5.2 Risk Assessment Process
3.5.3 Solutions
3.5.4 Evaluating the Ergonomics Program
3.6 Case Study
Appendix 3-1. Material Handling Screening Checklist: Risk Identification and Priorities
Appendix 3-2. Musculoskeletal Ergonomics Program Gap Analysis
4. Environmental Factors
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Illumination
4.2.1 Lighting Quantity
4.2.2 Task Factors
4.2.3 Age Factors
4.2.4 Lighting Quality'
4.3 Temperature
4.3.1 Effects of Heat on Performance
4.3.2 Effects of Cold on Performance
4.3.3 Effects of Heat on Health
4.3.4 Comfort and Discomfort Zones
4.3.5 Work Tolerance in Hot Environment
4.3.6 Recommendations to Improve Working Conditions
4.4 Noise
4.4.1 Effects of Noise on Performance
4.4.2 Effects of Noise on Health
4.4.3 Guidelines to Control Noise
4.5 Vibration
4.5.1 Effects of Vibration on Performance
4.5.2 Effects of Vibration on Health
4.5.3 Guidelines to Reduce or Control Vibration
4.6 Case Study
4.6.1 Method
4.6.2 Results
4.6.3 Recommendations
4.6.4 Installation of a Pilot Lighting System
4.6.5 Final Results
5. Equipment Design
5.1 Human/System Interface
5.2 Controls
5.2.1 Physical Requirements of Operating Controls
5.2.2 Types of Controls
5.2.3 Control Labels and Identification
5.2.4 Stereotypes
5.2.5 Access to Operate
5.2.6 Preventing Accidental Operation
5.2.7 Valves
5.3 Visual Displays
5.3.1 Types of Displays
5.3.2 Mounting Displays
5.4 Relationship between Controls and Visual Displays
5.5 Auditory Displays
5.6 Field Control Panels
5.6.1 Field Panel Layout
5.6.2 Field Panel Labels
5.6.3 Improving Field Control Panels
5.7 Process Control Displays
5.7.1 Process Control Display Interface
5.7.2 Approach for Developing Process Control Displays
5.8 Case Study
Appendix 5- 1. Checklist for Equipment Design
6. Workplace Design
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Workplace Design Principles
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Controls and Displays Must Be Optimally Located
6.2.3 Equipment Must Be Visually Accessible
6.2.4 The Workplace Must Be Designed for the User Population
6.2.5 Equipment Must Be Physically Accessible
6.2.6 Work Must Be Positioned as Best for the Operator
6.2.7 Workstations and Seating Must Be Designed According to Accepted Human Factors Standards
6.2.8 Maintenance and Maintainability
6.2.9 Summary of Design Principles
6.3 Analytical Techniques in Workplace Design
6.3.1 Activity Analysis
6.3.2 Task Analysis
6.3.3 Link Analysis
6.4 Human Factors Design Processes for Existing and New Workstations
6.4.1 Existing Workstations
6.4.2 New Workstations
6.5 Case Study
6.5.1 Familiarization
6.5.2 Problem Identification
6.5.3 Background
6.5.4 Data Collection and Analysis
6.5.5 Evaluation
6.5.6 Recommendations and Redesign
7. Job Factors
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Shift Work and Work Schedules
7.2.1 Sleep and Sleep Disorders
7.2.2 Effects of Shift Work on Performance
7.2.3 Effects of Shift Work on Health
7.2.4 Effects of Shift Work on the Psychosocial Life
7.2.5 Shift Work Schedule Design
7.2.6 Coping Strategies with Shift Work
7.2.7 Process for Creating or Changing Shift Schedules
7.3 Stress
7.3.1 Sources and Causes of Stress
7.3.2 Coping Strategies
7.4 Job Analysis
7.4.1 Task Analysis
7.4.2 Critical-Task Identification and Analysis
7.5 Team-Based Approach
7.5.1 Cognitive Problem-Solving Style (KAI)
7.5.2 Drexler-Sibbet High-Performance Team Model
7.5.3 ACUMEN
7.5.4 Systematic Multilevel Observation of Groups(SYMLOG)
7.6 Behavior-Based Safety
7.6.1 Lessons Learned
7.6.2 Recommended Core and Ancillary Elements of BBS Programs
7.7 Case Study
7.7. 1 Introduction
7.7.2 Task Analysis
7.7.3 Biomechanical Analysis
8. Information Processing
8.1 Human Error
8.1.1 Introduction
8.1.2 Why Humans Make Errors
8.1.3 Mental Errors
8.1.4 Display Errors
8.1.5 Environmental Causes
8.1.6 System Factors That Lead to Error
8.2 Plant Signs and Labels
8.2.1 Equipment Labeling Program
8.2.2 Designing Signs and Labels
8.2.3 Guidelines for Specific Types of Signs and Labels
8.3 Procedures
8.3.1 Guidelines for Determining When a Procedure Is Needed
8.3.2 Developing Procedures
8.3.3 Formatting Written Procedures
8.3.4 Determining Why a Procedure Was Not Used
8.3.5 Evaluating Written Procedures
8.4 Training
8.4.1 Developing Training
8.4.2 Task Analysis for Training Development
8.4.3 Content of a Training Package
8.4.4 Training for Trainers
8.4.5 When to Provide Training
8.4.6 Evaluating Training
8.5 Vigilance
8.5.1 Transportation Systems
8.5.2 Control Room Operations
8.5.3 Mining Operations
8.5.4 Driving Performance
8.5.6 Factors Contributing to Vigilance Decrement
8.5.7 Operator Workload Analysis
8.6 Case Study
8.6.1 Narrative: How to Change a Tire
Appendix 8-1. Procedures Evaluation Checklist
9. The Use of Human Factors in Project Planning, Design, and Execution
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Project Management
9.2.1 Management of Major Projects
9.2.2 Management of Base Projects
9.3 Human Factors Tools for Project Management
9.3.1 Human Factors Tracking Database
9.3.2 HF Review: Planning Phase
9.3.3 Safety, Health, and Environmental Review
9.3.4 Human Factors Training for the Project Team
9.3.5 Human Factors in the Hazard and Operability Reviews
9.3.6 Procedures
9.3.7 Analysis Techniques
9.3.8 Quality Assurance/Quality Control Review Process
9.3.9 Prestart-up Human Factors Review
9.3.10 HF Awareness for Construction Contractors and Company Personnel
9.3.11 Postproject Review
Appendix 9- 1. HAZOP Human Factors Screening Lists
Appendix 9-2. Assistance Using HA-ZOP Screening Lists
Appendix 9-3. Quality Assurance/Quality Control Checklist.
Appendix 9-4. Maintenance Review Checklist
Appendix 9-5. Walkthrough/Rounds Review Checklist
Appendix 9-6. Prestart-up Human Factors Review Checklist
Appendix 9-7. Summary of Recommendations to ConstructionWorkers Installing Field-Run Equipment
Index